Henschel Hs 132

Hs 132
An airbrushed G. Heumann drawing of the P.132
General information
Type	Dive bomber and interceptor aircraft
Manufacturer	Henschel Flugzeugwerke AG
Status	Never flown
Primary user	Luftwaffe
Number built	4 prototypes
History
Manufactured	1945

The Henschel Hs 132 was a jet-powered dive bomber and interceptor aircraft designed and produced by the German aircraft manufacturer Henschel Flugzeugwerke AG. It was developed during the latter portion of the Second World War with the intention of being adopted by the Luftwaffe, but the type never saw flight.

The unorthodox design featured a top-mounted BMW 003 jet engine (identical in terms of make and position to the powerplant used by the Heinkel He 162) and the pilot in a prone position. The Soviet Army occupied the factory just as the Hs 132 V1 was nearing flight testing, the V2 and V3 being 80% and 75% completed.

Design and development

Background

By the mid point of the Second World War, it had become clear that the dive bombers operated by the the Luftwaffe, such as the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka, were highly vulnerable to high performance Allied fighter aircraft and thus there was great interest in improving Germany's bombing capability. The level bombing approach was one option, however, due to Germany's lack of suitable bombsights, this was undesirable due to poorer accuracy, especially when flying at increasingly high speeds, achievable via recent advances such as the turbojet. Accordingly, the German aircraft manufacturer Henschel Flugzeugwerke AG conceptualised a turbojet-powered dive bomber.

Separately, there had long been interest in the idea of combat aircraft being flown by pilots in the prone position, which would reduce the effect of g-forces during manoeuvring. Several aircraft had already experimented with this layout for various reasons, the Horten IIIf had a prone pilot, but this was primarily to reduce drag in this high-performance glider, while the DFS 228 reconnaissance glider also used a prone pilot to make it easier to seal its pressurized cabin. It was not until the Berlin B9 was built specifically to test this arrangement for improved g-load that any serious effort toward development could be carried out.

Starting in early 1943, the Berlin B9 twin-piston engined experimental aircraft demonstrated that it was indeed possible for a pilot to fly the aircraft lying down, and that it did improve his ability to handle high loads. The pilot had an extremely restricted field of view upward or to the rear that made it suitable only for certain roles, including bombers or fighters or interceptors with a major speed advantage over their opposition. Based on this research, several late-war German designs followed the B9's lead and used a prone pilot. Better g-load performance was not the only reason, however, as this layout also reduced the frontal area of the aircraft. This was a serious concern for interceptors attacking the USAAF's Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, as calculations showed that the chance of being hit by its defensive guns was largely a function of frontal area.

Design effort

On 18 February 1943, the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM – the German Aviation Ministry) released a specification that called for a single-seat shipping attack aircraft to counter an expected Allied invasion of Europe. A piston-engined aircraft was called for at the time, however, the performance requirements motivated the switch to jet power instead. Henschel opted to produce a response to the specification; the design team favoured the high speeds offered by turbojet propulsion as it was felt that survivability, and therefore viability, of the prospective aircraft would be bolstered by using its high speeds to evade interception by Allied defences. Furthermore, as a consequence of these high speed dive attacks, the aircraft would be subject to high g-forces when pulling out; thus, the resulting aircraft was designed to withstand 12 g (conventional dive bombers of the era were typically designed to withstand 8 g). To enable the pilot to better withstand such g-forces, it was deemed essential for the pilot to by in the prone position.

The Hs 132 had a roughly cigar-shaped fuselage with short-span mid-set wings and a horizontal stabilizer with considerable dihedral ending in twin rounded-front vertical stabilizers. The BMW 003 engine was mounted on the back of the aircraft above the wing, likely to make servicing easier due to the low ground height of the aircraft that put the engine roughly shoulder-height. The sharply dihedraled 'butterfly'-like twin rudder arrangement kept the tail surfaces clear of the jet efflux. The cockpit was completely faired into the fuselage contour, with a rounded clear nose-cone on the front of the aircraft. Behind this was the actual "window," a large armored-glass plate located some distance behind the extreme nose; the glazing extended almost to the wing root. The design in terms of engine mounting and tailplane bore a very strong resemblance to the contemporary Volksjäger ("people's fighter") design competition winner, the Heinkel He 162 Spatz (sparrow). Despite the similarity of appearance, the Hs 132 was meant for dive-bombing and ground attack, and was to make extensive use of non-strategic materials, notably in the wings, which were of wooden construction. The basic A model carried one 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb; it had no other armament. It was to begin its attack in a shallow dive outside the ships' range of fire, and after reaching a speed of 910 km/h (570 mph; 490 kn), the pilot would "toss" the bomb at the target using a simple computerized sight, and then climb back out of range. The . The computerized bombsight was not delivered in time to be fitted to the aircraft.

Prototypes and envisioned developments

During April or May 1944, Henschel submitted their proposal to the RLM, by which point wind tunnel testing of the basic layout had already commenced. A contract for six prototypes was approved in May 1944, and construction was begun in March 1945. Hs 132V1 was scheduled to have its first flight in June 1945, but the completed wings and fuselage were never mated, and Soviet forces captured the intact fuselage in May 1945 while the wings were never transferred from their factory in France.

Several other versions of the basic airframe were proposed by Henschel. The Hs 132B was to have been powered by a single Junkers Jumo 004 engine in place of the BMW 003; it also would have added a pair of 20 mm (0.79 in) MG 151/20 cannons. The HS 132C was a more extensively modified version that was intended for bomber interception; it featured the larger Heinkel HeS 011 engine, two 20 mm (0.79 in) 151/20s and two 30 mm (1.2 in) MK 103 or MK 108 cannons. The HeS 011, intended to power a wide variety of new and existing Luftwaffe aircraft (an example of the latter being the proposed D and P series of the Arado Ar 234 jet bomber), was still in the pre-production phase when the conflict ended. It was hoped that by the time the HS 132B became available, the Panzerblitz anti-tank missile would be in production and available for use. The Hs 132D included a new wing of increased span.

Variants

Hs 132A Dive bomber

BMW 003 turbojet engine, 1 × 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb

Hs 132B Dive bomber/Anti-tank plane

Jumo 004 turbojet engine, 1 × 500 kg (1,102 lb) bomb, 2 × 20 mm MG 151 cannon, and/or six or eight Panzerblitz anti-tank rockets

Hs 132C Dive bomber

He S 011 turbojet engine, 1 × 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb, 2 × 20 mm MG 151 cannon and 2 × 30 mm (1.2 in) MK 103 cannon

Hs 132D

Increased wingspan variant

Specifications (Hs 132A)

Data from German aircraft of the Second World War

General characteristics

• Crew: 1
• Length: 8.9 m (29 ft 2 in)
• Wingspan: 7.2 m (23 ft 7 in)
• Wing area: 14.82 m² (159.5 sq ft)
• Gross weight: 3,400 kg (7,496 lb)
• Powerplant: 1 × BMW 109-003E-2 turbojet engine, 7.8 kN (1,760 lbf) thrust
  

Hs 132B 1x 8.8 kN (1,980 lbf) Junkers Jumo 109-004B turbojet

Hs 132C 1x 12.75 kN (2,866 lbf) Heinkel-Hirth 109-011A turbojet

Performance

• Maximum speed: 780 km/h (480 mph, 420 kn) without bomb at 6,000 m (20,000 ft) ; 700 km/h (430 mph; 380 kn) with bomb
  
• Landing speed: 153 km/h (95 mph; 83 kn)
• Range: 680 km (420 mi, 370 nmi) at 4,000 m (13,000 ft) ; 1,120 km (700 mi; 600 nmi) at 10,000 m (33,000 ft)
• Service ceiling: 10,250 m (33,630 ft)

Armament

Hs 132A

1x 500 kg (1,100 lb) SD 500 bomb semi-resessed under the fuselage

Hs132B

2x nose mounted 20 mm (0.787 in) MG 151 cannon

1x 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb semi-recessed under the fuselage

6/8x Panzerblitz III anti-tank rockets under wings

Hs 132C

2x nose mounted 20 mm (0.787 in) MG 151 cannon

2x nose mounted 30 mm (1.181 in) MK 103 cannon

or

2x nose mounted 20 mm (0.787 in) MG 151 cannon

1x 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) SC 1000 bomb semi-resessed under the fuselage

or

2x nose mounted 20 mm (0.787 in) MG 151 cannon

1x 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) PC 1000 RS Pol rocket-assisted armour-piercing bomb semi-resessed under the fuselage

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Heinkel He 162

Related lists

• List of jet aircraft of World War II
• List of military aircraft of Germany

References

Bibliography

• Christopher, John (2013). The Race for Hitler's X-Planes. Gloucestershire, UK: History Press. ISBN 0-7524-6457-4.
• Green, William (1970). Warplanes of the Third Reich (fourth impression 1979 ed.). London, UK: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-356-02382-6.
• Lerche, Hans-Werner (1970). Luftwaffe Test Pilot: Flying Captured Allied Aircraft of World War 2. Jane's. ISBN 0-5310-3711-8.
• Munson, Kenneth (1978). German Aircraft Of World War 2 in colour. Poole, Dorset, UK: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0860-3.
• Smith, J. Richard; Kay, Anthony (1972). German Aircraft of the Second World War (third impression 1978 ed.). London, UK: Putnam & Company Ltd. ISBN 0-370-00024-2.
• Wood, Tony; Gunston, Bill (1977). Hitler's Luftwaffe: A pictorial history and technical encyclopedia of Hitler's air power in World War II. London, UK: Salamander Books Ltd. ISBN 0-86101-005-1.

External links

• Proned pilots
• Hamza Fouatih's Hs132 artwork
• http://www.luft46.com/henschel/hs132.html